Framing the Latin American nutrition transition in a historical perspective, 1850 to the present / A constituição da transição nutricional latino-americana em uma perspectiva histórica, 1850 até o presente

Abstract This paper argues that many of the foundations and trends that led to the rise in obesity and other diet-related health problems in Latin America began to develop in the late nineteenth century. The tendency towards presentism in the nutrition transition literature provides a much abbreviated and limited history of changes in diet and weight. Whereas medical and nutrition researchers have tended to emphasize the recent onset of the crisis, a historical perspective suggests that increasingly global food sourcing prompted changes in foodways and a gradual "fattening" of Latin America. This paper also provides a methodological and historiographic exploration of how to historicize the nutrition transition, drawing on a diverse array of sources from pre-1980 to the present.

Resumo Este trabalho argumenta que fundamentos e tendências que levaram ao aumento da obesidade e de outros problemas de saúde relacionados à alimentação na América Latina começaram a surgir no final do século XIX. A propensão ao presentismo na literatura sobre transição nutricional produz uma história abreviada e limitada das mudanças em alimentação e peso. Embora pesquisadores médicos e nutricionistas enfatizem a recente instalação da crise, uma perspectiva histórica sugere que fontes alimentares crescentemente globalizadas resultaram em mudanças na alimentação e em gradual "aumento de gordura" na população latino-americana. O artigo propõe ainda a exploração metodológica e historiográfica de como historicizar a transição nutricional recorrendo a fontes pré-1980 até o momento.

Reto de los primeros 1000 días de vida / Challenge of the first 1000 days of life

Los primeros mil días de vida son parte del Curso de Vida, al tomar en consideración la Epigenética, término postulado por Waddington en 1942: modifica la expresión genética SIN cambiar la secuencia de las bases de ADN. El proyecto internacional llamado DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) u ODSE (Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y Enfermedad), está inserto dentro de la Transición Alimentaria y Nutricional (TAN), que, en países en desarrollo­ocurre en forma muy rápida ­produce tanto la malnutrición por déficit como por exceso; es decir la doble carga nutricional. La TAN es producto en nuestro país, de una urbanización acelerada y anárquica, y de cambios socioculturales, como la incorporación de la mujer al mercado de trabajo con menos tiempo para cocinar; está acompañada de una transición epidemiológica con la emergencia y prevalencia de la obesidad y de las enfermedades crónicas como morbiletalidad. Esta doble carga nutricional se modificó, por la situación país, y prevalece más el déficit que el exceso. Se presenta el PROYECTO FUNDACIÓN BENGOA ­ SVPP ­ SOGV ­ CANIA, cuya meta es: Elaborar una agenda preventiva común contra la malnutrición tanto por déficit como por exceso y sus comorbilidades, bajo el enfoque de los primeros mil días de vida y su efecto sobre todo el curso de vida. Se realizó el diseño y aplicación de tres cuestionarios digitales, que se utilizaran para la elaboración de esta meta. Se consolidó un CONSENSO NACIONAL formado por profesionales de la salud involucrados en los primeros mil días de vida(AU)

The first 1000 days of life is the new paradigm that determines health and nutrition during the life course, based on epidemiological models that incorporate the concept of Epigenetics, term introduced by Waddington, that refers to changes that affect the genetic expression without changing the DNA sequence, within the international program DOHaD/ODSE as well as the Food and Nutrition Transition(FNT). This FNT, product of an accelerated and anarchic urbanization that led to sedentary activities, plus the incorporation of women to the work media, with less time for cooking, with the substitution of the traditional diet for one much more practical and efficient in time and effort. It is accompanied by demographic and epidemiologic changes and transitions. The Double Burden of Nutrition in VENEZUELA has changed due to the effect of the recent crisis with a rise in malnutrition and a fall in obesity/overweight. The current project: Fundación Bengoa- Pediatric Society Venezuela (SVPP) ­ CANIA - Obstetric Society of Venezuela (SOGV) is called Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in Venezuela (DOHaD Venezuela): and by means of a national consensus of medical societies and institutions, its goal is "To elaborate a Preventive Agenda both for Malnutrition and for Overweight and Obesity and its comorbidities, considering the First 1000 Days of life and its effect over the life course"

Comparación del consumo de alimentos de niños que habitan una zona urbana y una rural en la población de Arandas, México / Comparison of foodconsumption in children living in an urban area and a rural population in arandas, mexico

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar el consumo habitual de alimentos de niños en una zona urbana y otra rural en la población de Arandas, México.En un estudio transversal se incluyeron 196 niños de cinco a doce años que asistían a escuelas de educación preescolar y escolar. Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos, se realizó evaluación antropométrica y del consumo de alimentos, mediante dos encuestas alimentarias de recordatorio de 24 horas y otra de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se compararon las características generales y del consumo de alimentosentre niños procedentes de zona rural y de zona urbana con las pruebas t de Student y chi cuadrada. El número de miembros por familia fue superior en zona rural, mientras que el ingreso familiar y el gasto en alimentación fueron superiores en zona urbana. No identificamos diferencias en la distribución del IMC, índice talla para la edad, ni en el consumo de energía y nutrientes entre zonas urbana y rural. El consumo de frutas y productos de origen animal fue más común en zona urbana, mientras que el de cereales y leguminosas fue más común en zona rural. Existen diferencias en el consumo de alimentos en estas poblaciones, con mayor consumo de alimentos considerados como tradicionales en zona rural y de alimentos de origen animal en zona urbana. Es importante identificar estas diferencias en vista de la transición nutricio alimentaria en la que se encuentra el país(AU)

Comparison of foodconsumption in children living in an urban area and a rural population in Arandas, Mexico. The objective of this study was to com- pare the habitual food intake of children in urban and rural areas in the town of Arandas, Mexico. In a crosssectional study 196 children from five to twelveyears,attending preschool and school education were included. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected, as well as food consumption using two dietary surveys of 24-hour recall and a food frequency consumption questionnaire. General and food consumption characteristics among children from rural and urban areas were compared with Student t test and chi square. The number of members per household was higher in rural areathan in urban area, while household income and expenditure on food was higher in urban area. There were no differences in the distribution of BMI, height for age index, or the consumption of energy and nutrients between urban and rural area. The consumption of fruits and animal products was more frequent in urban area, while cereals and legumes were more common in rural area. There are differences in food intakein these populations, with increased consumption of foods considered traditional in rural area, and animal foods in urban area. It is important to identify these differences in view of the currentnutritional and epidemiologicaltransition of the Mexican population(AU)

La transición alimentaria y la doble carga de malnutrición: cambios en los patrones alimentarios de 1961 a 2009 en el contexto socioeconómico mexicano

El propósito de este trabajo fue identificar si existieron cambios en la composición de los patrones alimentarios de 1961 a 2009, si el gasto en algunos alimentos por nivel de ingresos y el aumento en el precio de ciertos alimentos básicos de la dieta en el contexto socioeconómico mexicano, podrían explicar la transición alimentaria y la doble carga de malnutrición. Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico con la información de las Hojas de Balance de la FAO. Para conformar los patrones alimentarios se realizó análisis de conglomerados. Además, con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos en los Hogares 2012 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía se construyeron curvas de Engel para calcular la evolución del precio relativo de algunos alimentos. La dieta se definió en tres patrones alimentarios. La disponibilidad total de energía aumentó de 2316 kcal/persona/ día en 1961 a 3146 en 2009. Las modificaciones del patrón alimentario están en consonancia con la transición alimentaria y nutricional y con la doble carga de malnutrición. Se observó que la energía derivada de los cereales y la proveniente de las leguminosa (frijol) se redujo considerablemente, y de manera simultánea la energía procedente de azúcares, alimentos de origen animal y grasas vegetales tuvieron un aumento notable. El gasto en alimentos fue diferencial de acuerdo al nivel de ingresos. La malnutrición está mediada por la inequitativa distribución del ingreso, el bajo costo relativo de los alimentos ricos en energía, el encarecimiento de alimentos nutritivos y el escaso apoyo a la agricultura.

The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition: changes in dietary patterns 1961-2009 in the Mexican socioeconomic context.. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there were changes in the composition of dietary patterns from 1961 to 2009, if food patterns by income level and the increase in the price of certainbasic foods of the diet in the socioeconomic Mexican context, could explain the nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted an ecological study with data from FAO balance sheets. To construct eating patterns cluster analysis was performed. Engel curves were developed with data from the 2012 INEGI ENGH survey and evolution of therelative price of some foods was calculated. The diet was defined in three dietary patterns. The increase in the total availability of energy increased from 2316 kcal/person/day in 1961 to 3146 in 2009. Dietary pattern modifications are in line with the nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition. It was observed that the energy derived from cereals andfrom legume (common beans) was significantly reduced, and simultaneously, the energy from sugars, animal foods and vegetable fats had a dramatic increase. Spending on food was differential according to income level.Malnutritionis mediated by theunequal distribution of income, the relatively lowcost ofenergy-dense foods, the increased cost of nutritious foods, and limited support to agriculture.

Los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y de la enfermedad en Venezuela / Developmental origins of health and disease in Venezuela

La Transición Alimentaria Nutricional (TAN) acelerada que se ha producido en Venezuela producto de la rápida urbanización ha generado cambios en los estilos de vida: sedentarismo y modificaciones de la dieta tradicional. La población del país es de alto riesgo: alto porcentaje de embarazo en adolescentes, aumento de la mortalidad materna e infantil, alta prevalencia de peso bajo al nacer, incremento de prevalencias de morbimortalidad por enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición y baja práctica de lactancia materna exclusiva. En Venezuela prevalece la doble carga nutricional: sobrepeso y desnutrición. Existen nichos obesogénicos definidos y estilos de vida que conducen a la obesidad y sus comorbilidades. Los Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y la Enfermedad (ODSE) y la programación fetal y posnatal temprana (los primeros 1.000 días) son determinantes a través de mecanismos epigenéticos que alteran la actividad génica sin cambiar la secuencia del ADN conducen a modificaciones con transmisión transgeneracional. Hipótesis propuestas: alimentación materna sub-óptima (composición corporal materna alterada, dieta materna hipocalórica, inadecuada transferencia placentaria); excesivo aporte calórico intrauterino; crecimiento acelerado posnatal. Recomendaciones: optimizar estado nutricional pre y postconcepcional, la ganancia de peso gestacional y promover el control prenatal temprano; prevención del embarazo precoz; promover la lactancia materna exclusiva el primer semestre y complementaria hasta los 2 años; evitar crecimiento compensatorio acelerado; considerar la doble carga de la malnutrición en programas de intervención nutricional individualizados y nunca masivos; promover la actividad física y las comidas en familia. El pediatra debe identificar los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en forma temprana.

The rapid nutrition transition in Venezuela is a result of a high urbanization process with changes in life style, a rise in sedentarism and the substitution of the traditional diet. The population is at risk: a high percentage of adolescent pregnancies, a rise in child and maternal mortality, a high prevalence of low birth weight, rising prevalence of morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases related to nutrition, insufficient exclusive breast feeding practices. A double burden of under nutrition and obesity is found. Although obesogenic niches and unhealthy life styles that lead to obesity and its morbidities are evident, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and early nutrition programming in the first 1000 days are determinant through epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene function without altering DNA. The mismatch or the fuel-mediated, as well as the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis are postulated. Optimal pre and post conception nutrition status is recommended as well as appropriate weight gain during pregnancy; promotion of exclusive breast feeding through the first semester and complementary up to 2 years, also physical activity and frequent family dining; prevention of accelerated postnatal growth; the double burden should be considered in intervention programs that should be focalized. Pediatricians must identify cardio metabolic risk at an early stage.

Experiencia venezolana para el estudio de la transición nutricional: el grupo TAN / Venezuelan experience in the study of the nutrition transition: the TAN group

En marzo del año 2005, la Fundación Bengoa comprometió a diversos profesionales para asumir los retos de la alimentación y nutrición del país. Así, el 11 de julio de 2005, se realizó la reunión fundacional del grupo de trabajo sobre Transición Alimentaria y Nutricional (grupo TAN) con la presencia de Mercedes López de Blanco, Melania Izquierdo y Alexander Laurentin. El Grupo TAN es un espacio de encuentro interdisciplinario e interinstitucional, que sirve para la reflexión y la discusión de ideas, con la finalidad de identificar e instrumentar estrategias relacionadas con la transición alimentaria y nutricional. En Venezuela esta transición ha ocasionado una doble carga, debido a la superposición del sobrepeso con la desnutrición. Se decidió enfrentar la carga del sobrepeso. La primera actividad fue un foro realizado en noviembre de 2005, donde se detectó que grupos de investigación del país, usan diferentes criterios y valores límite para identificar los factores de riesgo y diagnosticar las enfermedades relacionadas con la nutrición, particularmente en niños, niñas y adolescentes. El grupo, con el enfoque investigación acción, enfrentó este problema: una encuesta electrónica detectó variabilidad en la utilización de las referencias, inconsistencia entre la referencia y las variables utilizadas, y un déficit en la evaluación de los hábitos de vida; por lo que se diseñó un taller de actualización (que incluye un caso clínico). Esta actividad ha beneficiado a más de un centenar de pediatras venezolanos y ha formado una decena de facilitadores en varias regiones del país(AU)

In March 2005, the Bengoa Foundation committed a number of professionals to the challenge of food and nutritional issues in Venezuela. On July 11th 2005, the founding meeting of the TAN group (short for “Nutrition Transition Task Group”) took place with the presence of Mercedes López de Blanco, Melania Izquierdo and Alexander Laurentin. The TAN group is an interdisciplinary and inter institutional group that debates and discusses ideas, in order to identify and develop strategies on nutrition transition. In Venezuela, this transition has resulted in the double burden of malnutrition, as overweight coexists with under nutrition. The task group decided to address the overweight problem. The first activity was a forum held on November 2005, where it was detected that various research groups in Venezuela use different criteria and cut-off limits to identify risk factors and diagnose diseases related to nutrition, particularly in children and adolescents. The TAN group, with an action research approach, addressed this problem: An electronic survey detected variability in the use of the references, inconsistencies between a particular reference and the variables used, and a deficit on lifestyle evaluation; therefore, a workshop was designed (using a clinical case). This activity has benefited a hundred of Venezuelan pediatricians and trained ten facilitators across the country(AU)

La doble carga de desnutrición y obesidad en venezuela / The double burden of undernutrition and obesity in venezuela

La doble carga nutricional, la coexistencia del déficit y del exceso nutricional es el resultado de la Transición Alimentaria y Nutricional acelerada en los países en vías de desarrollo que no habrían resuelto sus problemas de déficit nutricional antes de que les alcanzaran el sobrepeso, la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición. Los cambios en el estilo de vida del venezolano como resultado de la rápida urbanización y la migración masiva hacia las ciudades es el fenómeno más relevante; se discuten los aspectos relacionados con el crecimiento prenatal y posnatal temprano y su asociación con las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición. Factores demográficos perfilan a Venezuela como de alto riesgo: el embarazo de adolescentes con tasas altas en la Región Latinoamericana, el peso bajo al nacer, el aumento de la mortalidad materna y de la mortalidad infantil, la lactancia materna exclusiva que disminuye con la edad del recién nacido. En el primer estudio de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población venezolana, del INN, entre los 7 a los 17 años de edad, 21-28% presentaban exceso y 15- 17% déficit, un reflejo de la “doble carga”, cuya distribución resulta heterogénea en el país, el déficit en los niños parece ser mayor que el exceso en estados rurales como Apure así como en los estratos más bajos. En los adultos el sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentan con la edad. Se presenta una aproximación a la prevención de la “doble carga” y de los problemas de salud pública derivados de esta(AU)

The double burden of malnutrition, the coexistence of nutritional deficit and excess is the result of the Food and Nutrition Transition accelerated in developing countries that would had not have solved their problems of nutritional deficiency before they were reached by overweight, obesity and chronic diseases related to nutrition. Changes in the lifestyle of the Venezuelan population as a result of rapid urbanization and migration to the cities, is the most important phenomenon; aspects of prenatal and early postnatal growth and its association with chronic diseases related to nutrition are discussed. Demographic factors outline the Venezuelan population as high risk: teenage pregnancy prevalence is among the highest in the Latin American region, low birth weight, increased maternal mortality and infant mortality; exclusive breastfeeding decreasing’s the with age of the newborn. In the first study of overweight and obesity in the Venezuelan population, INN, in ages 7 to 17 years olds 21-28% were overweight and 15-17% were undernourished, a reflection of the “double burden”, whose distribution is heterogeneous in the country, the deficit in children appears to be larger than the excess overweight in rural states like Apure and in the lower socioeconomic strata. In adults, overweight and obesity increase with age. An approach to the prevention of the “double burden” and the public health problems resulting from this is presented(AU)

Body composition and hypertension: a comparative study involving women from maroon communities and from the general population of Alagoas State, Brazil / Composição corporal e hipertensão arterial: estudo comparativo envolvendo mulheres das comunidades quilombolas e da população geral de Alagoas, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the body composition and prevalence of hypertension in maroon women from the State of Alagoas and compared these variables with those of non-maroon women from the same state. METHODS: The data were collected from two cross-sectional surveys done in 2005 and 2008. The first study included a representative sample of mothers of children aged 0 to 5 years from the State of Alagoas, and the second study included all women aged 18 to 60 years living in maroon communities (n=39) in the same state. Data were collected during home interviews. The prevalence ratio and respective 95% confidence interval given by the Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was used as the measure of association. RESULTS: The study assessed 1,631 maroon women and 1,098 non-maroon mothers. Maroon women had lower education level, more children, higher prevalence of hypertension and stunting, and higher age at menarche, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio. After adjustment for age, the following prevalences remained higher in maroon women: hypertension (PR=1.81; 95%CI: 1.49; 2.21), WC >80cm (PR=1.23 95%CI: 1.11; 1.37), WHtR >0.5 (PR=1.11; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.21), and WHR >0.85 (PR=1.64; 95%CI: 1.43; 1.88). CONCLUSION: Maroon women belong to lower socioeconomic classes than non-maroon women and are at greater risk of abdominal obesity and hypertension, characteristics that make them especially vulnerable to the morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases, justifying the preferential implementation of measures of care...

OBJETIVO: Investigar, no âmbito do Estado de Alagoas, a composição corporal e a prevalência de hipertensão arterial em mulheres quilombolas, tendo como referencial mulheres não quilombolas. MÉTODOS: Os dados procedem de dois inquéritos transversais realizados em 2005 e 2008. O primeiro estudou amostra representativa de mães e crianças menores de cinco anos de Alagoas. Para o segundo, eram elegíveis todas as mulheres de 18 a 60 anos residentes nas comunidades (n=39) quilombolas do estado. As informações de interesse foram obtidas por meio de visitas domiciliares. Utilizaram-se como medida de associação a razão de prevalência e o respectivo intervalo de confiança de 95%, calculados por análise de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 1 631 mulheres quilombolas e 1 098 não quilombolas. As mulheres quilombolas apresentaram menor escolaridade, maior número de filhos, maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial, menor estatura, maior idade da menarca, maior índice de massa corporal, bem como percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência da cintura, razão entre cintura e estatura e razão entre cintura e quadril. Após ajuste para idade, as prevalências das seguintes condições permaneceram mais elevadas entre quilombolas: hipertensão arterial (RP=1,81; IC95%: 1,49; 2,21), circunferência da cintura >80cm (razão de prevalência =1,23 IC95%: 1,11; 1,37), RCE >0,5 (RP=1,11; IC95%: 1,02; 1,21) e RCQ >0,85 (RP=1,64; IC95%: 1,43; 1,88). CONCLUSÃO: O nível socioeconômico das mulheres quilombolas é inferior ao das não quilombolas; além disso, as quilombolas estão submetidas a um maior risco de obesidade abdominal e de hipertensão arterial, características que as classificam como um grupo especialmente vulnerável à morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares, justificando prioridade na implementação de medidas de atenção...

Food availability and the rising obesity prevalence in Malaysia

It is estimated that more than 1.1 billion adults and 115 million children worldwide are overweight. In Malaysia, the second and third National Health and Morbidity Surveys in 1996 and 2006 respectively reported a three-fold increase in obesity prevalence among adults, surging from 4.4% to 14% over the 10-year period. Evidence of rising childhood obesity has also emerged. The aim of this article is to gather evidence from food availability data for an insight into population shifts in dietary patterns that may help explain the rising obesity in this country. The nutrition transition was delineated in conjunction with the epidemiologic transition in order to explain the convergence of dietary practices, and the high prevalence of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases worldwide. The Food Balance Sheets for Malaysia from 1967 to 2007 were used to provide estimates and trends for the availability of foods and calories. Evidence is generated that indicate at least two major upward shifts in the dietary patterns in Malaysia in the past 4 decades. These shifts have led to the rising availability of calories from animal products, and from sugar and sweeteners. These major dietary shifts, together with increased sedentariness, constitute core public health challenges faced in addressing the country’s obesity and noncommunicable diseases (NCD) conundrum.

Guía de la asociación americana de dietética para el cuidado y manejo nutricional en países en transición nutricional / Nutrition care process and model from American Dietetic Association, useful tool for nutrition transition countries

Para trabajar en el área de la nutrición, es muy importante entender y aplicar estrategias basadas en evidencia, en particular para evaluar el estado nutricional tanto a nivel individual como poblacional y decidir la estrategia de intervención más adecuada y documentarla. Países como Venezuela se encuentran en el proceso de transición nutricional, con la subsiguiente coexistencia característica de casos de sub-nutrición y de sobre-nutrición incluso dentro de una misma familia. Es importante contar con modelos estandarizados que permitan la evaluación de la situación nutricional para obtener cambios que resulten exitosos al implementar intervenciones tanto a nivel individual como a nivel poblacional. En el presente trabajo se describe el Proceso de Cuidado y Manejo Nutricional (NCP) de American Dietetic Association (ADA) y comprender la factibilidad de su aplicación como herramienta eficiente y basada en evidencia y la utilidad que pudiese tener en países en vías de desarrollo entendiendo la importancia de sus cuatro fases: Primera fase: Diagnóstico Nutricional se exhorta al análisis con estándares basados en evidencia y se documentan los casos. En la segunda fase: Diagnóstico Nutricional: se identifica y etiqueta el problema, se determinan las posibles causas y factores de riesgo contribuyentes. En la tercera fase: Intervención Nutricional se realiza el plan de intervención nutricional, donde se ejecutarían las acciones con la respectiva documentación del proceso y en la cuarta fase: Monitoreo y Evaluación, se monitorea el éxito de la implementación del NCP, se procede a medir los indicadores establecidos, se evalúan los resultados y se documenta debidamente(AU)

For health care practitioners working in nutrition is most important to understand evidence based tools in particular to evaluate nutritional status individually and within populations thus they can select the optimal intervention and document it. Countries such as Venezuela are immerse in a process called “nutrition Transition” where the characteristic coexistence of under and over nutrition are frequent even within the same family. It is important to count on standardized models that allow and guide the nutritional evaluation, intervention and monitoring to obtain successful changes in correcting the inadequate nutritional situation at individual level and as population. We aim to introduce and encourage the use of ADA Nutrition Care Process (NCP) by health care practitioners related to nutrition field as well as understand the feasibility of its application as an efficient and based evidence tool in developing countries, and fully describe its four phases: First Phase Nutrition Assessment: it is encouraged the use of appropriate methods and tools. Second Phase, Nutrition Diagnosis identifies and labels the problem, determining possible causes and contributing risk factors. Third Phase: Nutrition Intervention, consist of a purposefully planned actions designed with the intent of changing a nutrition related behavior, risk factor, environmental condition, or aspect of health status. Fourth Phase: Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation: refers to the review and measurement of the success of the intervention. Documenting this information is encouraged because it promotes a way to monitor the outcomes effectively, that can be replicated due to the standardized patterns it follows(AU)

Composición corporal: Su importancia en la práctica clínica y algunas técnicas relativamente sencillas para su evaluación / Body composition: its importance in clinical practice and some relatively simple techniques for evaluation

El control y la prevención de la desnutrición es una tarea inconclusa en muchos países, entre ellos Colombia. Al mismo tiempo, enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición son ahora la principal causa de discapacidad y muerte, no sólo a nivel global sino también en muchos de los países en vías de desarrollo. En Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, tradicionalmente se han utilizado criterios antropométricos, como los índices de peso, talla y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), para definir la obesidad, la desnutrición y los trastornos alimentarios, pero estas variables poseen poca sensibilidad para monitorear la respuesta al tratamiento, y es por eso que la evaluación de la composición corporal puede cualificar este proceso. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar algunas técnicas relativamente sencillas para evaluar la composición corporal y sus ventajas y desventajas en la práctica clínica para el seguimiento de los pacientes. Mientras la obesidad impacta de manera adversa en el corto plazo la salud, existe una evidencia creciente de que las enfermedades cardiovasculares tienen su origen en la niñez y la adolescencia, de manera que, independientemente de la composición corporal en la vida adulta, los niveles elevados de adiposidad en la niñez pudieran por sísolos incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades posteriormente. Es una prioridad para las universidades, las instituciones de salud y los encargados de las políticas en salud estimular la investigación nacional en este campo, con el objetivo de alcanzar el desarrollo de valores de referencia nacionales.

The control and prevention of malnutrition is an unfinished task in many countries, including Colombia. At the same time, chronic diseases related to nutrition are now the leading cause of disability and death, not only globally but also in many developing countries. In Colombia as in most countries, traditionally have been used as anthropometric criteria like indices of weight, height and body mass index (I) to define obesity, malnutrition and eating disorders, but these variables have little sensitivity to monitor treatment response and that is why the assessment of body composition may qualify this process. The aim of this paper is to review some relatively simple techniques for assessing body composition and its advantages and disadvantages in clinical practice for monitoring patients. While obesity adversely impacts in the short-term health, there is growing evidence that cardiovascular disease has its origins in childhood and adolescence, so that regardless of body composition in adult life, elevated levels adiposity in childhood may by themselves increase the risk of disease later. It is a priority for universities, health institutions and policy makers in health, to stimulate national research in this field in order to achieve the development of national benchmarks.

Cantina escolar: qualidade nutricional e adequação à legislação vigente / School cafeteria: nutritional quality and compliance with current legislation

Introdução: A obesidade infantil é atualmente uma epidemia mundial. Os lanches escolares hipercalóricos e ricos em açúcares e sal contribuem para a formação desse quadro. Sabendo-se disso, foi criada uma legislação estadual que regulamenta as cantinas escolares e os alimentos por essas ofertadas. Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar o comprimento da Lei Estadual N° 13.027 em 26 cantinas da rede pública estadual do município de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Foram avaliadas as qualidades nutricionais dos alimentos ofertados, além das condições higiênico-sanitárias das cantinas visitadas. Foi aplicado um questionário aos responsáveis desses estabelecimentos com questões fechadas e abertas sobre conhecimento da lei em questão e tipos de alimentos ofertados. Resultados: Do total de cantinas visitadas, 80,8% não possuíam supervisão ou orientação de nutricionista. Os alimentos ofertados eram inadequados nutricionalmente, predominando as guloseimas/chocolates, refrigerante e bolacha recheada. Mesmo com 96,2% dos responsáveis conhecendo a legislação, esta não era seguida, pois 96,2% não tinham oferta mais evidente de alimentos saudáveis e também não possuíam painéis sobre nutrição; 69,2% não incentivavam o consumo desses alimentos e 61,5% não possuíam alvará sanitário. As medidas básicas de higiene não eram realizadas, sendo os maiores problemas a falta de uniforme (69,2%) e o uso de adornos (63,1%). Conclusão: Os cantineiros devem ser capacitados não somente sobre medidas de higiene, mas também em formas de promover lanches mais nutritivos para as crianças assim como o tema da alimentação saudável deve ser trabalhado melhor no projeto pedagógico da escola.

Background: Childhood obesity is currently a worldwide epidemic. School snacks with many calories, large amounts of sugar and salt contribute to this situation. Based on that, a state law regulating school cafeterias and the food they offer has been created. Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the State Law no. 13 027 is being complied with in 26 cafeterias of public schools located in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Methods: We evaluated the nutritional quality of foods offered, as well as the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the cafeterias. We applied a questionnaire with closed and opened questions to the owners or personnel in charge of the cafeterias about their knowledge on the current law and the foods most often available. Results: Among all cafeterias, 80.8% did not have a nutritionist. The foods offered were nutritionally inadequate and the foods most often available were sweets/chocolates, soft drinks, and sandwich cookies. Even though 96.2% of the cafeteria managers were aware of the law, they did not comply with it: 96.2% had no evident offer of healthier food and did not have boards showing nutritional information, 69.2% did not suggest the consumption of this kind of foods, and 61.5% did not have a health permit. No basic hygiene measures were taken; the biggest problems were lack of employee's working clothes (69.2%) and the use of accessories (63.1%). Conclusion: Those responsible for managing the cafeterias should be trained not only about hygiene measures, but also about ways of offering healthier snacks to children, and the topic of healthy food should be deeply developed within the teaching project of each school.

Importancia de la transición nutricia en la población materno-infantil: Parte I. Experiencias en México / Importance of nutrition transition in maternal and child population: Part I. Experiences in Mexico

La transición nutricia en el niño mexicano se entiende mejor a través del síndrome de mala nutrición, en donde coinciden, interactúan o se condicionan las deficiencias de nutrimentos específicos (v. g. hierro, cinc, vitamina A, calcio, ácido fólico, etc.), la desnutrición proteínico-energética, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, el consumo de dietas potencialmente lesivas (grasas saturadas trans, hormonas, insecticidas, fertilizantes, conservadores, etc.) y un grupo de entidades cada vez más frecuentes, sobre todo en la adolescencia, los trastornos de conducta alimentaria (anorexia nerviosa, bulimia, trastornos no especificados). Estas entidades patológicas pueden coexistir, presentarse simultáneamente, o bien, un sujeto que padecióalguna de ellas (desnutrición crónica) puede presentar otras en etapas ulteriores de su vida (obesidad, trastornos de conducta alimentaria, etc.). La población materno-infantil es muy importante desde el punto de vista de la transición nutricia porque en su seno ocurren la mayoría de las co-morbilidades o las secuelas que acompañarán al individuo que las padece por el resto de su vida. Debido a que la transición nutricia ocurre en todos los estados del país, se tomaron algunos datos nacionales y otros obtenidos a través de diferentes estudios de campo en el estado de Jalisco con el propósito de comprender mejor este fenómeno.

The nutrition transition in Mexican children is better understood through the malnutrition syndrome in which there is an interaction of specific nutritional deficiencies (v. gr. iron, zinc, vitamin A and folic acid deficiencies), protein-energy malnutrition, overweight, obesity, and intake of potentially harmful diets (transfatty acids, hormones, insecticides, fertilizers, conservatives, etc.). Likewise, a group of rapidly increasing pathologies is present mainly in adolescents: clinical eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia and non-specific eating disorders. These pathologic entities may coexist, or else, an individual affected by a nutritional pathology (chronic malnutrition) may be affected by other pathologies in later stages of his/her life (obesity, eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies, etc.). In this context, the dyad mother-child is very important from the nutrition transition point of view because it is related to most comorbidities or consequences that will accompany the affected individual for the rest of his/her life. The nutrition transition is present in all states of Mexico; therefore, the purpose of this assay is to understand better this phenomenon by means of some national data and other data obtained from different studies performed in the state of Jalisco, Mexico.

Importancia de la transición nutricia en la población materno-infantil: Parte II. Experiencias en América Latina y otras regiones / Importance of the nutrition transition in maternal and child population: Part II. Experiences in Latin America and other regions

En América Latina la situación nutricia ha evolucionado hacia diferentes estadios de transición, expresándose diferencias en la prevalencia de trastornos nutricios. Destacan los siguientes aspectos: a) aumento en la ingestión energética en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos; b) aumento en la proporción de grasas en el consumo energético; c) incremento del sedentarismo por el uso de tecnologías que lo favorecen; d) disminución en la inseguridad alimentaria debido a un descenso en la población que vive en condiciones de pobreza e indigencia; y e) persistencia de las desigualdades sociales en muchos países. Los cambios dietéticos mayores incluyen: incremento en el consumo de grasas y azúcares, marcado incremento en el consumo de productos alimenticios de origen animal y caída en el consumo de cereales y fibra. Esto refleja un cambio a una dieta occidental elevada en grasa, que llega a representar más de 30% de la ingestión de energía. Las evidencias apuntan hacia una situación, donde la velocidad de cambio en la estructura de la dieta y la actividad son tales que la doble carga de una dieta con elevada densidad energética y una baja actividad física estarán presentes, sobre todo entre la población de bajos recursos.

The nutritional situation in Latin America has evolved toward different stages of transition expressing in consequence differences in the prevalence of nutritional disorders. The following aspects are noteworthy: a) Increase in energy intake in most Latin-American countries; b) Increase in the proportion of fat in the energy intake; c) Increase in sedentary activity due to the use of favoring technologies; d) Decrease of food insecurity due to a lesser population living in conditions of poverty or indigence; e) Persistence of social inequalities in many countries. The main dietetic changes include an increase of fat and sugar intake, and a significant increase in the consumption of processed food of animal sources, as well as a fall in cereal and fiber consumption. These variations reflect a change to a western diet characterized by a high-fat consumption which comprises up to 30% of the total energy intake. The evidences aim to a situation where change speed in diet structure and activity are so important that the double load of a diet with high energy density and a low physical activity will be present mainly in the low socioeconomic status population.

Prevalence of overweight among hospitalized patients regardless of length of hospital / Predominância de excesso de peso entre pacientes hospitalizados independente do tempo de internação / La prevalencia de sobrepeso entre los pacientes hospitalizados, independientemente de la duración del ingreso

Introduction: Obesity is considered a major public health problem in developed countries and a global epidemic by the World Health Organisation. Objective: To describe the nutritional status and its relationship to diagnosis and length of hospital patients in a private hospital. Method: cross sectional study, Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba (Unimep), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Cross-sectional study with 1.012 patients 55.6% were female and 44.4% male, mean age 58.5 + - 17.2 and 59.2 + - 17.1 years, respectively. The variables were diagnosis, body mass index and hospitalization time. Data were processed using Excel, and expressed by means of descriptive statistics. The difference between the percentage distributions of nominal variables was analyzed by chi-square test, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: neoplasms (25%), cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (16%), diseases of the digestive tract (14%) and orthopedic disorders (12%) were the most frequent. Malnutrition was found in 7% of the population, while eutrophic patients accounted for 46% and 47% met with pre-obesity. Regarding the time of admission, it was found that the majority (71%) was hospitalized for a period of up to seven days. It was found that there was prevalence of obesity and obesity in pre all diseases with exception of patients with cancer, including nutritional status was prevalent malnutrition (p <0.05). Conclusion: The high prevalence of obesity among hospitalized patients reinforces the evidence of increased use of public services resulting from comorbidezes associated with excess weight, in addition, the study draws attention to the in-hospital malnutrition in the obese individual.

Introdução: A obesidade está sendo considerada um problema importante de saúde pública em países desenvolvidos e uma epidemia global pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Objetivo: Descrever o estado nutricional e sua relação com o diagnóstico e tempo de internação em pacientes de um hospital privado. Método: estudo transversal, Departamento de Nutrição, faculdade de Ciências da saúde, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba (Unimep), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.012 pacientes sendo 55,6% do sexo feminino e 44,4% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 58,5 +- 17,2 e 59,2 +- 17,1 anos, respectivamente. As variáveis estudadas foram diagnóstico, estado nutricional e tempo de internação. Os dados foram processados pelo programa Excel, sendo expressos por meio de estatística descritiva. A diferença entre as distribuições percentuais das variáveis nominais foi analisada pelo teste qui-quadrado, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: as neoplasias (25%), as doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes (16%), doenças do trato digestório (14%) e as doenças ortopédicas (12%) foram as de maior ocorrência. A desnutrição foi encontrada em 7% da população, enquanto que os pacientes eutróficos representaram 46%, e 47% encontrava-se com pré-obesidade. Com relação ao tempo de internação, verificou-se que a maioria (71%) permaneceu internada por um período de até sete dias. Verificou-se que houve prevalência de pré obesidade e obesidade em todas as doenças com exceção apenas dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias, entre os quais o estado nutricional prevalente foi a desnutrição (p<0,05). Conclusão: A grande prevalência de obesidade entre os pacientes hospitalizados reforça as evidências do aumento da utilização dos serviços públicos decorrente das comorbidezes associadas ao excesso de peso, além disso, o estudo chama a atenção para a desnutrição intra-hospitalar no indivíduo obeso.

Introducción: La obesidad se considera un problema importante de salud pública en los países desarrollados y una epidemia mundial por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivo: Describir el estado nutricional y su relación con el diagnóstico y la duración de los pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital privado. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, Departamento de Nutrición de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, la Universidad Metodista de Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Estudio transversal com1.012 pacientes 55,6% eran mujeres y 44,4% varones, edad promedio de 58,5 + - 17,2 y 59,2 + - 17,1 años, respectivamente. Las variables fueron: diagnóstico, estado nutricional y la duración de la hospitalización. Los datos fueron procesados con Excel, y expresada por medio de estadística descriptiva. La diferencia entre las distribuciones porcentuales de las variables nominales se analizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado, adoptándose un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Las neoplasias (25%), enfermedades cardiovasculares y la diabetes (16%), enfermedades del tracto digestivo (14%) y trastornos ortopédicos (12%) fueron las más frecuentes. La desnutrición se encuentra en el 7% de la población, mientras que los pacientes eutróficos representó el 46% y el 47% se reunió con el pre-obesidad. En cuanto al momento del ingreso, se encontró que la mayoría (71%) fue hospitalizado durante un período de hasta siete días. Se encontró que hubo predominio de la obesidad y la obesidad en todas las enfermedades previas, con excepción de los pacientes con cáncer, incluyendo el estado nutricional desnutrición prevalente (p <0,05). Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de la obesidad entre los pacientes hospitalizados refuerza la evidencia de un mayor uso de los servicios públicos como resultado de comorbidezes asociados con el exceso de peso, además, el estudio llama la atención sobre la desnutrición en el hospital en el individuo obeso.

STUDY ON TRANSITION OF DIETARY PATTERN IN JIANGSU PROVINCE / 营养学报

24) among male adults increased by years:9.4% in 1989,28.6% in 2000,and 34.1% in 2004。In 1989 the prevalence of hypertension was only 7.8% in men and 4.8% in women,while it reached 26.5% and 20.1% respectively in 2004. Conclusion:In the period of dietary transition,people in Jiangsu experienced the inadequate intake of some nutrients and high intake of fat. Overweight,obesity and hypertension are prevalent as results of this transition,so implementation of nutrition intervention is needed.

THE STATUS AND TREND FOR DIETARY PATTERN OF ENERGY, PROTEIN AND FAT IN CHINESE RESIDENTS / 营养学报

Objective: To describe the status and trend of dietary energy, protein and fat pattern of Chinese residents. Method : 23 470 households including 68 962 subjects were randomly sampled from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and the municipalities. The 24 h dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used in dietary survey and weighing method was used for condiment intake. Results: The average energy intake per reference man per day was 9.42 MJ (2 250.5 kcal), 11.8% and 29.6% from protein and fat respectively. The percentages of energy from fat of big city residents arrived 38.4%. The percentages of energy from cereals, animal food and pure energy food were 57.9%, 12.6% and 17.3% respectively. The average protein intake per reference man per day was 65.9 g, 52%, 7.5% ,25.1% and 15.3% from cereals, bean and bean product, animal food and other foods respectively. The average fat intake per reference man per day was 76.3 g, 39.2% from animal food. Conclusion: The dietary change of Chinese residents represents the characteristics of the transition period, including the decrease of energy and protein intake per capita, decrease of the percentage of dietary energy supplied by cereals and increase of fat intake per capita,especially from animal foods, and the proportion of energy contributed by fat.